History

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Lost Muslim empire and territories to other empires or states include:

• Spain: The Muslim conquest of Spain began in 711 and lasted until 1492, when the Catholic Monarchs reconquered the Iberian Peninsula.

• Portugal: Like Spain, Portugal was also part of the Islamic Moorish empire from the 8th to the 12th century.

• Greece: Greece was under Ottoman rule from the 15th to the 19th century and lost territories as the Ottoman Empire declined.

• Balkans: Many Balkan countries, including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and parts of Serbia, were under Ottoman rule for centuries.

• Cyprus: Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1571 and remained under Ottoman rule until 1878.

• Syria: Syria was conquered by the Arab Muslims in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Lebanon: Lebanon was also part of the Ottoman Empire from the 16th to the 20th century.

• Jordan: Jordan was conquered by the Arab Muslims in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Israel/Palestine: The region was conquered by the Arab Muslims in the 7th century and has been a point of contention ever since.

• Egypt: Egypt was conquered by the Arab Muslims in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Libya: Libya was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Tunisia: Tunisia was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Algeria: Algeria was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Morocco: Although Morocco was influenced by the Arab conquests, it was not directly under Ottoman rule. However, it did lose some territories to European powers.

• India: Parts of India, particularly Sind, were conquered by the Arabs in the 8th century.

• Armenia: Armenia was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Georgia: Georgia was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century and later became part of the Ottoman Empire.

• Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan was conquered by the Arabs in the 7th century and later became part of various Muslim empires.

These countries lost Muslim empire or territories due to various factors, including:

• Crusades: Christian Crusades in the Middle East and Europe led to the loss of Muslim territories.

• Mongol invasions: The Mongol invasions of the Middle East and Eastern Europe led to significant losses for Muslim empires.

• Ottoman decline: The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to the loss of territories in the Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa.

• European colonialism: European colonial powers took control of many Muslim-majority territories, particularly in North Africa and the Middle East.

Data for the Map (approximate years of Ottoman/Muslim rule ending)

Here’s a timeline of Muslim rule in Spain (Al-Andalus), showing the rise, major dynasties, and fall:

1. Muslim Conquest of Iberia

• 711 CE – Tariq ibn Ziyad, leading Muslim Berber forces from North Africa, defeats King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete.
• 711–718 CE – Rapid Muslim conquest of most of the Iberian Peninsula.

2. Emirate of Córdoba

• 756 CE – Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Córdoba, independent from the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus.
• Córdoba becomes the political and cultural center.

3. Caliphate of Córdoba

• 929 CE – Abd al-Rahman III proclaims himself Caliph, marking the peak of Muslim Spain.
• Achievements:
  • Córdoba becomes one of the largest cities in Europe.
  • Advances in science, medicine, philosophy, and architecture.
  • Religious tolerance allows Jews and Christians to live and work under Muslim rule.

4. Fragmentation – The Taifas

• 1031 CE – The Caliphate collapses, breaking into small kingdoms called Taifas.
• These kingdoms are often at war with each other and pay tribute to Christian kingdoms in the north.

5. Almoravid and Almohad Dynasties

• 1086 CE – Almoravids (from North Africa) intervene to defend Muslim territories.
• 1147 CE – Almohads replace the Almoravids, briefly unifying Muslim Spain again.
• These dynasties maintain cultural and religious influence but face pressure from Christian reconquest.

6. Christian Reconquista

• 722–1492 CE – Christian kingdoms slowly reclaim territory:
  • Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre expand southward.
  • Battles include Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) — a turning point weakening Muslim power.

7. Fall of Granada

• 1492 CE – Granada, the last Muslim kingdom, surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella.
• Marks the end of 781 years of Muslim rule in Spain.

Summary of Key Points

• 711–756 CE – Early Muslim conquest.
• 756–929 CE – Emirate of Córdoba.
• 929–1031 CE – Caliphate of Córdoba (Golden Age).
• 1031–1212 CE – Fragmented Taifas, Almoravids/Almohads intervene.
• 1212–1492 CE – Gradual Christian Reconquista.
• 1492 CE – Fall of Granada, end of Muslim rule in Iberia.

visual map showing how Muslim territories in Spain expanded and contracted over time,